今日數學家 |
雅各.布魯諾斯基 |
Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) |
當年今日數學家 | |||||||||||||||||
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科學的價值在於促進人類的普遍價值。
正如布羅諾斯基( Jacob Bronowski )所說:「邊緣地帶不是世界結束的地方,正是世界闡明自己的地方。」
布諾斯基教授(Professor )認為在人類歷史中,上帝的計畫常在兩方面指示祂是怎樣工作,他說:『創造是一隻手,直達到經驗之中,並且安排它富有新的意義。』
最近有好幾本書在給Newton的對手Robert Hooke翻案。其中最近的一本是Lisa Jardine的The Curious Life of Robert Hooke:The Man Who Measured London,出版於2003年。
該書在Amazon上的鏈接:http://www.amazon.com/Curious-Life-Robert-Hooke-Measured/dp/006053897X
Lisa Jardine(1944- )是的女兒。(1908-1974) 才是真正的科學文化人,他的著作已經影響了幾代人,包括Science and Human Value,以及1973年BBC的電視系列節目The Ascent of Man。他的女兒Lisa女承父業,是倫敦大學Queen mary學院的文藝復興研究的教授,頗有影響的科學人文學者。
Lisa Jardine的網頁:http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/contacts/lisa.html
Wiki上關於的介紹:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski
YouTube上的電視節目The Ascent of Man片斷:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mIfatdNqBA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2p9By0qXms
Lisa在這本著作中力圖恢復歷史上Robert Hooke作為科學家,皇家學會的早期守護者,引力理論的早期研究者和London城的建設者的歷史地位。她還不遺餘力地找到了據信是唯一現存的一幅Robert Hooke畫像。
雖然Hooke死後被Newton及其支持者有意無意地壓制,以至於Newton的光輝曾經掩蓋了Hooke的成就長達近三百年之久,但是作為真正的科學家和促進人類文明的重要貢獻者,歷史還是要出來為他主持公道。
科學和人文價值
科學是現代人文的重要部分。只有還生活在現代以前的人,才不明白這一點。最為可怕的是,仍然還生活在現代之前的那些野蠻人,又接受了一堆自己無法消化的後現代思想,硬要把科學和人文割裂開來,還自詡為高舉人文大旗反對科學主義的鬥士,試圖成為阻礙社會發展的螳螂。
其實理解科學並不一定需要理解科學中的那些繁瑣的細節,只需要瞭解日常生活中最基本的事實和具有基本的常識,以及科學的基本精神。的《Science and human values》正是幫助人們瞭解科學的精神的一本具有重要價值的小書。Amazon上《Science and human values》一書的訊息和連結:http://www.amazon.com/Science-Human-Values-Jacob-Bronowski/dp/0060972815
這本書是2002年在Seattle開國際光學工程師協會年會(SPIE)年會時在Crossroads Mall裡的一個舊書店買的。同時買的書還包括以下幾本:
1. 的《A Sense of the Future》
2. Keith J. Leidler的《To Light Such a Candle-Chapters in the History of Science and Technology》
3. Ed Regis的《Who Got Einstein's Office-Eccentricity and Genius at the Institute for Advanced Study》
第一本收集了Bronowski寫的關於科學人文方面的19篇文章。第二本是關於過去200多年中重要的現代科學和技術發展和對社會回的影響的歷史的回顧,文筆優美,史料豐富。第三本研究了普林斯頓高等研究院的歷史和相關的問題。
什麼科學和什麼人文價值
(1908-1974)是大數學家Hardy的學生,劍橋大學的數學博士。他還是著名的數學家、詩人、歷史學家,和當代科學人文主義運動的創始人。是真正的科學文化人。
Archive鏈接:http://www.drbronowski.com/
《Science and human values》這本小書是非常優美的散文,源自Bronowski於1953年在麻省理工學院(MIT)做Carnegie Professor時候的幾個演講。它包括三個部分:
1. The creative mind (創造性的頭腦)
2. The habit of truth (真理的習慣)
3. The sense of human dignity (人類尊嚴的意義)
後來Bronowski在這幾個演講的內容之外,又加上了下面的一篇文章:
The abacus and the rose-A new dialogue on two world systems (算盤和玫瑰-關於兩個世界體系的新對話)
光看這些題目就很有意思。Bronowski在這些文章中討論了科學作為人類文化的基本特徵。他的這本書中的思想值得所有願意思考的人瞭解。
賽局理論
在二次大戰期間與馮紐曼並肩工作的科學家布羅諾斯基(Jacob Bronowski)在《文明的躍昇》書中回憶,有一次在倫敦的計程車上,他和馮紐曼談起賽局:
……
因為我對下棋很著迷,因此很自然對他說:「你的意思是,賽局理論像下棋?」「不,」他說,「下棋不屬於賽局理論。下棋是定義得十分完善的一種計算。你也許無法算出答案,但是理論上,任何棋局必然有一個解,也就是有一個正確的過程。而真正的賽局完全不是這個樣子的。實際生活也不是這個樣子。實際生活中包括虛張聲勢、一些騙人的小策略,互相揣測對方以便應對等等。我的賽局理論研究的就是這些內容。」
賽局理論是研究有思想的、可能會去騙人的對手之間的衝突。這也許使賽局理論聽起來更像心理學的一個分支,而不是數學的分支。其實並不盡然,因為賽局參與者被假設是完全有理性的,因此賽局理論容許精確
的分析。更確切地說,賽局理論是數理邏輯學的分支,以並非總是理性的人們之間的衝突為研究課題。
用雕刻的方法研究科學
一種陳腐的哲學觀點認為,科學僅是分析的過程,而藝術僅是綜合的過程。這種觀點告訴我們,科學家把研究對象分解開來,而藝術家則把它們結合在一起。雅各.布魯諾斯基(Jacob Bronowski)對此一誤解予以反擊,他指出:實際上,科學家既要分 析也要綜合,藝術家也是如此。無論分析還是綜合,想像力總是始於對大自然精細的觀察和分析,再以綜合告終,藉此,富有創造力的頭腦終將超越自然給予我們的 制限和軀體。布魯諾斯基將雕刻的概念導入科學。自菲狄亞斯(Phidias)以降,雕刻家開始將隱藏於粗糙石材中的雕像毛胚擬人化,想像它們正等著被釋 放、被創造。米開朗基羅曾寫道:
我們與生俱來的神性
使靈感與雙手融為一體,
去塑造一張臉孔,
用藝術的自由力量
將脆弱的肉身化為堅固的石像,
賦予它生命的靈動。
藝術家所能做的,
只是用一雙手褪去石料的冗餘
展現蘊涵其中的美。
同樣,科學家也會想像物理定律已以某種特有形式存在,等待著他們去發掘。但實際上,物理定律並不像雕刻毛胚那般絕對地存在著。在不同的雕刻家手中,石塊注 定被塑造成不同的形態。然而在不同科學家的眼中,定律雖可能以不同形式表現,但最終會相互趨近、達到統一。依問題提出的精準度,答案也許不盡相同,但都是 正確的。
《Science and human values》摘錄
下面是從書中摘錄的一些句子。
1. Science is as integral a part of the culture of our age as the arts are.
2. I define science as the organization of our knowledge in such a way that it commands more of the hidden potential in nature.
3. Man masters nature not by force but by understanding. This is why science has succeeded where magic failed: because it has looked for no spell to cast over nature.
4. All science is the search for unity in hidden likeness.
5. When Coleridge tried to define beauty, he returned always to one deep thought: beauty, he said, is 'unity in variety'. Science is nothing else than the search to discover unity in the wild variety of nature-or more exactly, in the variety of our experience. Poetry, painting, the arts are the same search, in Coleridge's phrase, for unity in variety.
6. When a simile takes us aback and persuades us together, when we find a juxtaposition in a picture both odd and intriguing, when a theory is at once fresh and convincing, we do not merely nod over someone else's work. We re-enact the creative act, and we ourselves make the discovery again.
7. Science, like art, is not a copy of nature but a re-creation of her.
8. They are the marks of unity in variety; and in the instant when the mind seizes this for itself, in art or in science, the heart misses a beat.
9. This element of poetry, the delight in exploring the medium for its own sake, is an essential ingredient in the creative process.
10. It is wrong to think of science as a mechanical record of facts, and it is wrong to think of the arts as remote and private fancies.
11. I found the act of creation to lie in the discovery of a hidden likeness. The scientist or the artist takes two facts or experiences which are separate; he finds in them a likeness which had not been seen before; and he creates a unity by showing the likeness.
12. The act of appreciation re-enacts the act of creation, and we are (each of us) actors, we are interpreters of it.
13. It took its greatest strength later from Renaissance men like Leonardo, in whom truth to fact became a passion.
14. The symbol and the metaphor are as necessary to science as to poetry.
15. In the field of science, four hundred years of adventure have taught us that the rational method is more subtle than this, and that concepts are its most subtle creation.
16. So St. Thomas Aquinas holds that faith is a higher guide to truth than knowledge is; the master of medieval science puts science firmly into second place.
17. The problem of values arises only when men try to fit together their need to be social animals with their need to be free men.
18. All this knowledge, all our knowledge, has been built up communally; there would be no astrophysics, there would be no history, there would not even be language, if man were a solitary animal.
19. The dizzy progress of science, theoretical and practical, has depended on the existence of a fellowship of scientists which is free, uninhibited and communicative.
20. A recent study has indeed shown that, as a profession, science attracts men whose temperament is grave, awkward and absorbed. But this is in the main the scholar's temperament, which is shared by historians and literary critics and painters in miniature.
21. In science, there is no substitute for independence.
22. Dissent is the native activity of the scientist, and it has got him into a good deal of trouble in the last ten years.
23. Has there ever been a society which has died of dissent? Several have died of conformity in our lifetime.
24. But if in addition science is to become effective as a public practice, it must go further; it must protect independence.
25. Tolerance among scientists cannot be based on indifference, it must be based on respect.
26. Science is not a mechanism but a human progress, and not a set of findings but the search for them.
27. Science at last respects the scientist more than his theories; for by its nature it must prize the search above the discovery, and the thinking (and with it the thinker) voer the thought.
28. A true society is sustained by the sense of human dignity.
29. This is the scientist's moral: that there is no distinction between ends and means.
30. It must encourage the single scientist to be independent, and the body of scientists to be tolerant. From these basic conditions, which form the prime values, there follows step by step a range of values: dissent, freedom of thought and speech, justice, honor, human dignity and self-respect.
31. Yet the values they seldom spoke of shone out of their work and entered their ages, and slowly re-made the minds of men.
32. On the contrary, like the other creative activities which grew from the Renaissance, science has humanized our values. Men have asked for freedom, justice and respect precisely as the scientific spirit has spread among them. The dilemma of today is not that the human values cannot control a mechanical science. It is the other way about: the scientific spirit is more human than the machinery of governments.
33. It is not the scientist who can govern society; his duty is to teach it the implications and the values in his work.
34. This is why, at bottom, the society of scientists is more important than their discoveries. What science has to teach us here is not its techniques but its spirit: the irresistible need to explore.
35. What is true of poetry is true of all creative thought. And what
I said then of one value is true of all human values. The values by
which we are to survive are not rules for just and unjust conduct, but
are those deeper illuminations in whose light justice and injustice,
good and evil, means and ends are seen in fearful sharpness of outline.
「我們將賴以生存的價值觀並不是關於正義與非正義行為的規則,而是那些更為深層次的啟示和清楚的詮釋,在這樣的光芒之下,正義與非正義,善與惡,手段和目的都以令人敬畏的銳利輪廓被看到。」
這句話是說價值觀不應被當作教條,而應該是對正義與非正義,善與惡,手段和目的的清楚分辨,在此基礎上人類才有希望對自己未來的命運做出正確的選擇。
Columbia大學的Motto是In lumine tuo videbimus lumen(In thy light we shall
see light,借汝之光,得見光明) 來源於《舊約 詩篇》: Quoniam apud te fons vitae in lumine
tuo videbimus lumen英譯:For with thee is the fountain of life; and in thy
light we shall see light,漢譯:因生命之泉與汝同在;借汝之光,吾等得見光明。耶魯大學的Motto是Lux et
veritas(Light and Truth,光明與真理)。與上面那句話的意思是一致的。
金錢是人類歷史前進的動力
哈佛大學經濟史學家弗格森針砭病灶:亞洲的高儲蓄率,讓沒收入、沒工作也沒資產的美國人取得全額房貸。
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《金錢的躍升》書影 |
書名明顯是向科學史家布魯諾斯基()1970年代由電視腳本寫成的名著《文明的躍升》(The Ascent of Man)致敬。《金錢的躍升》在英國出版時,金融危機方露徵兆,弗格森卻預見許多現今的金融亂象,書因而大紅,美國公共電視還將改編同名電視影集,於今年上檔。
悲觀賣方遲早多過樂觀買方;貪婪終究變成恐懼
在弗格森眼中,金融史是所有歷史的背景故事,「由古代美索不達米亞到二十一世紀的中國,金錢的躍升始終是人類歷史前進的動力:一種創新、適應到整合的複雜 過程,與科學發展同樣重要」。他相信:「每一個歷史現象背後都藏有金融線索。」美國內戰時,南方政府就是缺少現金、工業能力和人力才失敗;文藝復興時期藝 術與建築的輝煌成就,追溯起來,是因義大利銀行家將東方和阿拉伯的數學應用於金融。
「荷蘭共和國靠史上第一個現代股票市場,在財政上勝過擁有世界最大銀礦的哈布斯堡帝國;法國帝制不靠革命無法推翻,但一個蘇格蘭殺人犯Nathan Rothschild創造了史上第一次股市泡沫,瓦解了法國的金融體系,他和在滑鐵盧打敗拿破崙的威靈頓公爵同樣功不可沒。1880年代全球第六富國阿根 廷到1980年代變成通膨嚴重的窮國,國力衰退全是愚蠢的金融政策造成。」
達爾文理論也是弗格森演繹說理的重要依據:金融體系不斷隨著環境改變更新,它的演化有賴滅絕和新生。「金融史基本上是制度性突變和天擇的結果。與自然界法 則相同,金融史的演化取決於地緣政治的鬥爭和金融危機的大崩解。」金融史給人最大的教訓是:所有榮景的泡沫早晚都會破滅。悲觀的賣方遲早會多過樂觀的買 方;貪婪終究變成恐懼。金融亂局在歷史上一再重演,長期來看,短期混亂再正常不過,人類想盡辦法避免,終究徒勞。
中國兩千六百多億美金盈餘,大半都借給美國
將歷史事件和當下現況並比對照,是本書最大賣點。弗格森指出,近代的金融革命推動印度和中國在短短一個世代由貧窮到富有,是人類歷史前所未有的經濟轉型。 他將1870到1914年全球化帶來的國際投資,類比地球村時代大規模的資金流動,指出兩者差異:十九世紀多是英法和歐洲已開發國家資助發展中國家的基礎 建設,目前是仍在發展的中國資助美國的消費。
中國家庭、企業的高儲蓄率與美國依賴貸款提前消費形成鮮明對比,「2007年美國必須向世界借貸八千億美金,中國卻有兩千六百多億盈餘,大半借給美國,讓 中華人民共和國成為美國的債主」。弗格森相信,這是2008年金融泡沫破滅的重要原因,「亞洲豐沛的儲蓄後盾是美國房貸市場資金橫流的動能,讓沒收入、沒 工作也沒資產的美國人取得全額房貸。」
由榮景擺盪到大蕭條,興與衰只是情感波動的產物
「中─美國(Chimerica)是極佳的雙子國,占全球陸地十分之一、人口四分之一,過去八年卻創造全球經濟產出的三分之一,帶動超過二分之一的全球經 濟成長。」但中美關係是否會惡化為某種貿易戰,不得不中止目前的全球化?弗格森以史為鑑:十九世紀的全球化終結於第一次世界大戰,戰前世人對時代的脆弱毫 無警覺,有人更深信強權間發生戰爭在經濟上全無可能,因為「國際金融相互依賴太深」。
弗格森視金融市場為「人類的鏡子」,放大世人更迭變動的弱點、心態和價值觀,「由情勢大好的榮景擺盪到情勢嚴峻的大蕭條,興與衰都只是人類情感波動的產物。傷疤和美麗肌膚在我們眼中同樣清晰,那都不關鏡子的事。」
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